The exact cause of eczema is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. People with eczema often have an overactive immune system that reacts to irritants or allergens, causing inflammation and skin irritation. A family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies increases the risk of developing the condition. Environmental triggers, such as exposure to harsh soaps, detergents, chemicals, pollen, pet dander, and stress, can also exacerbate symptoms. Additionally, changes in weather, particularly dry or cold conditions, can lead to flare-ups. Eczema is often associated with a defective skin barrier that allows moisture to escape and irritants to enter, making the skin more susceptible to dryness and irritation.

While eczema cannot be completely prevented, there are steps individuals can take to minimize flare-ups and manage symptoms. Keeping the skin moisturized is crucial, as it helps maintain the skin barrier and prevent dryness. Using fragrance-free, gentle cleansers and avoiding hot showers can also help reduce irritation. It’s important to identify and avoid personal triggers, such as certain fabrics, soaps, detergents, or environmental allergens, that can worsen symptoms. Wearing soft, breathable clothing, such as cotton, and avoiding tight-fitting clothes can also prevent skin irritation. Stress management techniques, such as meditation, yoga, or regular exercise, can help reduce the likelihood of flare-ups, as stress is a known trigger for eczema.

Eczema symptoms can vary significantly from person to person and may range from mild to severe. Common symptoms include dry, sensitive skin that is easily irritated and prone to dryness. Individuals with eczema often experience intense itching, which can worsen at night and lead to scratching that further irritates the skin. Affected areas may become red and inflamed, and the skin may feel warm to the touch. Prolonged scratching and rubbing can cause the skin to thicken, developing a leathery texture in a condition known as lichenification. In more severe cases, the skin may develop blisters that ooze or crust over. Additionally, eczema can lead to changes in skin pigmentation, resulting in darkened or lightened patches known as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation.